Portugals Global Empire

Portugal is a small Western European country at the western tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning in the 1400s, the Portuguese, led by explorers such as Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama and financed by the great Prince Henry the Navigator, sailed to, explored, and settled in South America, Africa, and Asia. Portugals empire, which survived for more than six centuries, was the first of the great European global empires and outlasted all others as well, surviving until 1999. Its former possessions are now across 50 countries around the world. The Portuguese created colonies for numerous reasons: To trade for spices, gold, agricultural products, and other resourcesTo create more markets for Portuguese goodsTo spread CatholicismTo civilize the natives of these distant places Portugals colonies brought great wealth to this small country. But the empire gradually declined, as it did for other colonizers, partly because Portugal did not have enough people or resources to maintain so many overseas territories. A move for independence among the colonies finally sealed its fate. Here are the most important former Portuguese possessions: Brazil Brazil  was by far Portugals largest colony by area and population. It was reached by the Portuguese in 1500 and was part of the  Treaty of Tordesillas, signed with Spain in 1494, allowing Portugal claim over Brazil. The Portuguese imported African slaves and forced them to grow sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee, and other cash crops. The Portuguese also extracted brazilwood from the rainforest, which was used to dye European textiles. They also helped to explore and settle the vast interior of Brazil. In the 19th century, the royal court of Portugal lived in and governed both Portugal and Brazil from Rio de Janeiro. Brazil gained independence from Portugal in 1822. Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau In the 1500s, Portugal colonized the present-day west African country of Guinea-Bissau and the two southern African countries of Angola and Mozambique.   The Portuguese enslaved many people from these countries and sent them to the New World. Gold and diamonds were also extracted from these colonies. In the 20th century, Portugal was under international pressure to release its colonies, but Portugals dictator, Antonio Salazar, refused to decolonize. Several independence movements in these three African countries erupted into the Portuguese Colonial War of the 1960s and 1970s, which killed tens of thousands and was associated with communism and the Cold War. In 1974, a military coup in Portugal forced Salazar out of power, and the new government of Portugal ended the unpopular and expensive war. Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau gained independence in 1975. All three countries were underdeveloped, and civil wars in the decades after independence took millions of lives. More than a million refugees from these three countries emigrated to Portugal after independence and strained the Portuguese economy. Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe, two small archipelagos located off the western coast of Africa, were also colonized by the Portuguese. (Sao Tome and Principe are two small islands making up a single country.) They were uninhabited before the Portuguese arrived and were used in the slave trade. They both achieved independence from Portugal in 1975. Goa, India In the 1500s, the Portuguese colonized the western Indian region of Goa. Goa, located on the Arabian Sea, was an important port in spice-rich India. In 1961, India annexed Goa from the Portuguese and it became an Indian state. Goa has many Catholic adherents in primarily Hindu India. East Timor The Portuguese also colonized the eastern half of the island of Timor in the 16th century. In 1975, East Timor declared independence from Portugal, but the island was invaded and annexed by Indonesia. East Timor became independent in 2002. Macau In the 16th century, the Portuguese colonized Macau, on the South China Sea. Macau served as an important Southeast Asian trading port. The Portuguese empire ended when Portugal handed over control of Macau to China in 1999. Portuguese Language Portuguese, a Romance language, is spoken by 260 million people, with between 215 million and 220 million native speakers. It is the sixth most spoken language in the world. It is the official language of Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and East Timor. It is also spoken in Macau and Goa. It is one of the official languages of the European Union, the African Union, and the Organization of American States. Brazil, with more than 207 million people (July 2017 estimate), is the most populated Portuguese-speaking country in the world. Portuguese is also spoken in the Azores Islands and the Madeira Islands, two archipelagos that still belong to Portugal. Historic Portuguese Empire The Portuguese excelled in exploration and trade for centuries. The countrys former colonies, spread across continents, have varying areas, populations, geographies, histories, and cultures. The Portuguese tremendously affected their colonies politically, economically, and socially. The empire has been criticized for being exploitative, neglectful, and racist. Some colonies still suffer from high poverty and instability, but their valuable natural resources, combined with current diplomatic relations with and assistance from Portugal, may improve the living conditions of these numerous countries. The Portuguese language will always be an important connector of these countries and a reminder of how vast and significant the Portuguese empire once was. Sources â€Å"Portuguese Empire: 1415 - 1999 - Oxford Reference.†Ã‚  Oxford Reference - Answers with Authority, 24 Sept. 2013.Prothero, and Foreign Office. â€Å"The Formation of the Portuguese Colonial Empire.†Ã‚  WDL RSS, H.M. Stationery Office, 1 Jan. 1970.

An Explanation For His Law Of Effect - 1224 Words

In 1933, Thorndike developed an explanation for his Law of Effect. His experimentations revealed that some events, usually those that one would expect to be pleasant seemed to â€Å"stamp in† a response that had just occurred. Noxious events, he continued, seemed to â€Å"stamp out† the response, or make it less likely to occur (Pierce and Cheney, 2004). Thus, the principles of reinforcement can be summarized as operants followed by consequences that increase or decrease the probability of response in the same situation (Pierce and Cheney, 2004). Based on the operant learning theories developed B.F. Skinner, Cooper, Heron and Heward (2007), define reinforcement as a process that occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions. Thus, reinforcement is an operation which reinforces responses. Operant behavior is â€Å"selected, shared and maintained by the consequences that have followed in the past† (p. 31). In other words, our future is shaped by our past. Primary and Secondary Reinforcers In consideration of the history of reinforcement, the biological importance of primary reinforcers must be discussed. Food, water, oxygen and sexual stimulation may be considered as primary reinforcers because they satisfy contingencies of survival. No learning is necessary for these reinforcers to increase the likelihood of a response occurring again due to its presence or absence (Cooper, Heron and Heward,Show MoreRelatedThe Cosmological Argument For The Existence Of God Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesmust also be immensely powerful, since it created the universe from nothing. But why has the creative cause she just created the universe? 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Murder Commiting Essay Example For Students

Murder Commiting Essay The problem with committing murder is the high risk of being caught. When youdecide that murder is justified, the problem of how to do it and how to avoidbeing found out are your first thoughts. Unfortunately, the police have becomevery sophisticated in their investigating skills. Very few murderers get awaywith it, until now that is. There are ways to fool the police and the coronersoffice. If more people knew how to blow up a car with Drano, or cause a massiveheart attack without any physical signs of foul play, there would be a lot moreunsolved or unexplained deaths in which many life insurance policies would bepaid without question. In my experience, the method of using Drano to blow up acar is very effective, yet it is very difficult to pull off. The first thing youmust do is make sure your intended victim is nowhere in sight one hour beforethe car is started. The second thing is that rubber gloves are imperative; youdo not want to leave fingerprints on a burnt out car or on th e Drano bottle. Remember to dispose of the gloves at a very distant location, perhaps making useof your local grocery store dumpsite. Once you have a full understanding of thetiming in which to commit the act and the correct disposal of the gloves, youmay continue with the steps in creating this destructive action. First youremove the gas cap on the car, then remove the cap on the Drano bottle, and pourthe Drano into the gas tank. Then all you have to do is dispose of the Dranobottle and wait. It is a good idea to leave the area as soon as possible, makingsure not to seem suspicious. When the intended victim engages the car engine,the Drano will then make its way to the engine, and the Drano will be ignited. This will, of course, cause a fire that will spread from the engine, to the cabof the car, and then to the gas tank itself. Although in theory, this seems tobe a simple operation, I have found this method to be very difficult, becauseyou must find the right circumstances in which to successfully complete thistask. The most difficult part was getting my victim to be in the right places atthe right time. One of my favorite methods of committing a murder would have tobe the heart attack method. This technique is relatively easy and effective. There are some preparations to consider before diving into this process. Youwill have to find approximately 10cc of diabetic insulin. This may not be asdifficult as you may think. You may not be aware of just how many people areinsulin dependent, so try looking in your family and friends medicine cabinets. Once you acquire the insulin, you will need to find a syringe. If you do notfind a syringe with the insulin, you can buy a syringe at any drug store. Besure to pay with cash; never leave a paper trail that may lead authorities toyou. You will need to be very close to your victim; if its your spouse youwould like to remove from your life, you will want to choose a time when he orshe is asleep or in a drunken stupor. Be sure to take mental notes of his or herbody. Try to find an area where there are large amounts of freckles; this willbe the place where you will make your injections. While your victim is asleep orpassed out, fill the syringe with all 10ccs of the insulin. Make sure there areno air bubbles left in the syringe, for they will rush straight to the heart. Acoroner will be able to spot the bubbles immediately. Creep over to your victimand find the freckle you chose in your preparation. Insert the syringe needleinto the freckle. Doing this will cause your victim to awaken qui ckly, so makesure you have pulled the needle out fully. A broken needle will be spotted by acoroner during the autopsy. Your victim will, without doubt, become very angryand will possibly thrash about, causing items in the room to fall to the floor. .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f , .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .postImageUrl , .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f , .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f:hover , .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f:visited , .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f:active { border:0!important; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f:active , .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u66aeaf8e0877f4576fe04ae439d6364f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Quebec Winter Carnival EssayDo not worry about this because it is not uncommon for a heart attack victim tocause damage while in the midst of an attack. The insulin will rush straight tothe heart and will cause your victim to have a massive heart attack. Becauseyour body produces insulin naturally, the coroner will not be looking for it asa cause of death. You should wait no longer than one hour before calling anambulance because this will cause suspicion. Be sure to dispose of the insulinvial and the syringe. Make sure that any blood that may be on the freckle whereyou made your injection has been wiped away. It is best to use a wet tissue todo this because you can flush it down the toilet. Show extreme stress and griefwhen the ambulance arrives and ride to the hospital in the ambulance with yourvictim, for this will show extreme concern. Even after your victim is pronounceddead, refuse to believe it. Cry and yell in great agony for someone toPlease help! While in the hospital, make a trip to the rest room towash your face or to pull yourself together; this will be the moment you candispose of the insulin vial and the syringe. You could wait until you have amoment alone with the victim in the emergency room and put the vial in the humanwaste disposal can. Because emergency rooms usually have close circuit TVcameras, I do not suggest you wait to throw away the needle and vial. The policewill ask questions; have your answers ready. Do not read from cue cards. Cuecards arouse immediate suspicion; have your story straight before you ever startthis process. If you have prepared a good story and have any acting skillswhatsoever, you should be able to fool them. Always cry, and cry hard. Tearsgive the illusion of deep pain. You should try to view this death as if yourworld is coming to an end. Follow these steps with a fine precision. You can putyour own creative touch on any of these procedures, but it is important that youdo not for deviate from the steps I have outlined: one mistake will causesuspicion. The steps I have outlined in the Drano and the heart attack methodsare very effected in ending a life. I must tell you from personal experience,that unless you truly intend to carry out the whole process, you should notstart any of the processes: you may find yourself in a jail cell and a courtroom facing an unsympthetic jury of your peers.